Systematics and phylogeny of Holarctic genera of Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera, Heteroneura: Monotrysia)

A revised classification of the Holarctic genera of Nepticulidae is provided. Eight genera belonging to the nominal subfamily are recognised and redefined. They are Enteucha Meyrick (= Johanssonia Borkowski, Artaversala Davis, Oligoneura Davis), Stigmella Schrank (including Astigmella Puplesis), Simplimorpha Scoble in the Nepticulini and Acalyptris Meyrick ( = Microcalyptris Braun, Niepeltia Strand), Trifurcula Zeller, Parafomoria Van Nieukerken, Bohemannia Stainton and Ectoedemia Busck in the Trifurculini. Trifurcula is divided into the subgenera Glaucolepis Braun (= Fedalmia Beirne), Levarchama Beirne and Trifurcula s.str. Ectoedemia is divided into the subgenera Etainia Beirne, Fomoria Beirne, Laqueus Scoble, Zimmermannia Hering and Ectoedemia s.str. The genera and subgenera are (re)described and data on biology and distribution are given. The species Simplimorpha promissa (Staudinger) and Acalyptris psammophricta Meyrick are redescribed. A phylogeny of the family in cladistic sense is presented and discussed. The monophyly of Ectoedemia is uncertain, and monophyly of the subgenus Fomoria could not be demonstrated. Current opinions about the phylogenetic position of the Nepticulidae and the division of the Heteroneura are reviewed and discussed. The biogeography and hostplant relationships of the family are reviewed.